ONLINE NEWS: UNCOVERING THE PAST WITH SCIENCE: A CONVERSATION WITH NASHA RODZIADI KHAW

The Petri Dish
Uncovering the Past with Science: A conversation with Nasha Rodziadi Khaw
18 April 2025

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The world of archaeology has come a long way from the days of brush and trowel. Today, cutting-edge technologies such as DNA analysis, remote sensing, and artificial intelligence are reshaping how researchers decode history. Associate Professor Dr. Nasha Rodziadi Khaw, Deputy Director at the Centre for Global Archaeological Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, is at the forefront of this scientific revolution. In this exclusive interview, Dr. Nasha shares how interdisciplinary approaches are unveiling secrets of ancient civilizations like never before.

A High-Tech Time Machine

MODERN technology has amplified the precision and scope of archaeological research. “DNA analysis, for instance, allows us to trace human migrations, dietary habits, and even genetic links between ancient populations,” Nasha explains. “Remote sensing techniques like LiDAR let us detect hidden structures beneath dense vegetation without disturbing the landscape.”

Material science plays an equally crucial role. By analysing the chemical composition of ancient artifacts, archaeologists can uncover trade networks, technological innovations, and the craftsmanship of past civilizations. “We can now reconstruct entire societies with a level of detail that was unimaginable just a few decades ago,” Nasha adds.

When Science Meets Archaeology

Archaeology is not just about digging; it’s an intricate puzzle where chemistry, biology, and engineering intersect. “Chemistry helps us analyse artifact composition and date organic remains, while engineering, particularly geophysics, allows us to map buried structures before excavation,” he notes. By blending these scientific disciplines, researchers can reconstruct past ecosystems and understand how ancient communities interacted with their environment.

Environmental Archaeology: Reconstructing Ancient Ecosystems

Environmental archaeology provides a broader lens through which to examine history. “Understanding biodiversity helps us determine what people ate and how trade networks shaped their diets,” Nasha shares. Soil composition offers clues about ancient settlements, while fossilized microorganisms reveal climate patterns that impacted civilisations. “This approach helps us see how societies adapted—or failed to adapt—to environmental changes over time.”

A Discovery at Bukit Choras

Among Nasha’s many discoveries, one stands out: the unearthing of three Buddha statues at Bukit Choras. “This confirmed Buddhism’s strong presence in Ancient Kedah and established the region as a key religious and cultural hub in Southeast Asia’s maritime trade networks,” he recounts. “Finding these statues through a proper scientific excavation allowed us to interpret the site with greater accuracy.”

The discovery not only corroborated historical texts but also provided tangible proof of religious continuity and interaction between South and Southeast Asia. “Holding a piece of history in your hands after centuries underground is a profound experience,” Nasha reflects.

Deciphering Ancient Languages

As a specialist in historical archaeology, Nasha is well-versed in epigraphic Sanskrit, a skill that has proven invaluable in deciphering ancient inscriptions. “This field is crucial for analysing royal decrees, religious doctrines, and economic records,” he says. Her recent excavations yielded two Sanskrit inscriptions, reinforcing the significance of language in contextualising archaeological findings. “Understanding ancient scripts bridges the gap between past and present, allowing us to hear voices from centuries ago.”

The Evolution of Excavation Methods

Archaeology has evolved to prioritize in-situ research, where discoveries remain preserved in their original context. “Non-invasive technologies like ground-penetrating radar (GPR) and LiDAR enable us to survey sites before digging,” Nasha explains. “The focus is now on preserving sites rather than just extracting artifacts. Context is key in understanding usage, chronology, and societal structures.”

This shift also reflects a broader commitment to ethical and sustainable archaeology. Conservation efforts ensure that archaeological sites remain intact for future research and education, preventing loss due to hasty excavations or commercial exploitation.

Collaboration is Key

Interdisciplinary collaboration is the backbone of modern archaeology. “Geophysicists help with surveys, chemists analyse material compositions, and biologists contribute to paleoenvironmental studies,” Nasha says. While such collaborations are growing in Malaysia, he believes more partnerships between universities, research institutions, and private sectors could further strengthen archaeological projects.

Challenges in Malaysian Archaeology

Despite these advancements, archaeology in Malaysia faces significant challenges. “Public awareness is low, and many sites are at risk due to urbanisation and illegal excavations,” Nasha laments. To address this, he advocates for stronger site protection laws, greater integration of archaeology into school curricula, and leveraging tourism to promote heritage conservation.

Advice for Aspiring Archaeologists

For young Malaysians interested in archaeology, Nasha offers straightforward advice: “Be well-read and identify the research gaps in your chosen field. Embrace interdisciplinary learning—history, science, and technology are all interconnected.”

Field experience is also crucial. “Participating in excavations and internships early on will help build essential skills. With advancements in technology and growing interest in heritage conservation, the future of archaeology in Malaysia is promising,” he adds.

Preserving the Past for the Future

As archaeology embraces modern technology, the discipline continues to unveil the richness of human history in unprecedented ways. Nasha’s work exemplifies how science and history can converge to shed light on ancient civilisations while preserving them for future generations. With the right policies, collaborations, and awareness, Malaysia can safeguard its past while paving the way for exciting discoveries ahead.